Jakarta

6.1754°S, 106.8272°E.

Jakarta — capital of the Republic of Indonesia and the largest urban agglomeration in Southeast Asia, with a metropolitan population of approximately 35 million. The modern city is built on the alluvial plain of the Ciliwung River on the northern coast of Java; the location was originally a small Sundanese port called Sunda Kelapa, captured by the Sultanate of Banten in 1527 and renamed Jayakarta. The Dutch East India Company seized the city in 1619 and rebuilt it as Batavia, the headquarters of the Dutch colonial trading empire in the Indonesian archipelago for the following 330 years. Jakarta was renamed at Indonesian independence in 1949. The city is sinking at an average rate of approximately 10–25 centimetres per year due to groundwater pumping — the fastest-sinking major city on Earth — with northern districts already below sea level. The Indonesian government announced in 2019 a plan to relocate the national capital to a new city called Nusantara on the island of Borneo by 2045.

The capital of an island nation that is currently relocating its capital because the existing one is sinking faster than the sea is rising.